Multiculturalism

I've been away for the past three weeks, so here's a very long post to make up!



Canada has been officially multicultural since 1971 and this policy has been subject to controversy since inception. Canadian multiculturalism, as it is usually described, is a vision of our society as a mosaic of ethnic groups, each of which have their own culture and traditions. This contrasts with the model found in most European countries of a single, historically-rooted national society and the American model of an ever evolving melting pot. In accordance with our policy of official multiculturalism, immigrants who settle in Canada are encouraged to preserve their culture and traditions, notably by forming cultural organisations with fellow immigrants of the same ethnic origin. Federal and provincial governments award millions of dollars in grants every year to such organisations, and also support festivals and public events that celebrate the cultural heritage of New Canadians.

Multiculturalism has always been criticized on multiple fronts. Many people purport that a policy which encourages immigrants to preserve the traditions of their motherland and to seek out fellow immigrants of the same descent inevitably encourages ghettoisation and discourages integration into mainstream society. Others, most notably in Quebec, would prefer a more traditional vision of Canadian society that recognizes the cultural primacy of the three founding peoples. They believe that immigrants should be encouraged to assimilate into the established cultures – principally Quebecois and English Canadian- and to let go of their former traditions. Many Quebecois are also hostile towards multiculturalism because they believe it reduces their own cultural nation to an ethnic group like any other. They say that, since Quebecois culture and the French language is spoken by a minority in North America and therefore under threat, the national government should not be encouraging the development of rival ethnic communities in the province.

But if we look at our country objectively, giving weight to statistics rather than anecdote, it is hard to avoid concluding that these objections are little more than scaremongering.

Canadian cities are among the most diverse in the world, providing their residents with a high general standard of living and employment. Montreal, Vancouver and Toronto, which absorb roughly 70% of the 250 000 immigrants admitted to Canada each year, have consistently maintained a median income comparable to the provincial median, moderate unemployment and a relatively low rate of crime. Of course, immigrants are not evenly distributed throughout these cities. As has traditionally been the case around the world, immigrants of same descent tend to group together and many neighbourhoods therefore have a high proportion of immigrants of same ethnic origin. But since the standard of living is generally high, it is not accurate to say that our cities are becoming ghettoised.

There are admittedly a handful of areas –the Downtown Eastside in Vancouver and the Jane and Finch corridor in Toronto being the most notable- that have a high proportion of immigrants and which are also beset by serious social problems. The situation in these neighbourhoods gets a lot of media coverage, and rightly so, but we sometimes forget how small they are. Vancouver’s Downtown Eastside has less than 20 000 residents. Jane and Finch has roughly 85 000. To put things in context, Canada has welcomed 3.5 million immigrants in the past 15 years. There are far more New Canadians living in Richmond, a municipality in metro Vancouver in which 65.1% of the population belongs to a visible minority and the average income is only slightly below the provincial average, than in the Downtown Eastside. There are far more immigrants who have settled in Markham, an affluent town of roughly 275 000 people in the GTA where most residents are foreign-born, than in the Jane and Finch corridor.

Information released by the Correctional Service of Canada indicates that visible minorities are not over-represented in Canadian prisons. In fact Asians, who make up the bulk of new immigrants, are significantly under-represented. This contrasts sharply with the situation in France, a staunch advocate of immediate assimilation, where it is estimated that between 60 and 70% of prison inmates are from immigrant families and a similar proportion are Muslim. It also contrasts with the situation in the United-States, home of the melting pot where Hispanic males are incarcerated at a per capita rate six times that of white males.

In Canada it is not the immigrant population that is over-represented in jails, but the aboriginal population. The irony is undeniable. Roughly 20% of offenders incarcerated in the Canadian penitentiary system are of Aboriginal ethnicity, despite the fact that First-Nations only represent 3.8% of the Canadian population. Native Canadians suffer from many of the problems that are associated with immigrants in Europe and Afro-Americans in the United States. The employment rate of Native Canadians is around 70% while the employment rate of non-Natives is above 80%. The Caledon Institute of Public Policy published a study showing that 58% of Aboriginals on reserve between the ages of 20 and 24 haven’t finished high school.

In contrast immigrants and, most importantly, their children, are actually among the best educated Canadians. The immigration selection process places great weight on education, so it is perhaps not particularly surprising that immigrants are, on average, better educated than Canadian born citizens. Significantly, however, a study by University of Ottawa professor Miles Corak (based on 2001 census data) showed that this advantage is replicated in the second generation. In other words, the children of immigrants (even those without a university degree) are better educated than the children of parents who were born in Canada. Second-generation immigrants are also more ambitious. A 2006 study revealed that 78% of visible minority immigrant youths hope to complete at least one university degree, while only 59% of non visible minority youths born in Canada expressed this objective. This is not the case in most other countries, where children of immigrants typically don’t do as well at school as native-born children. Canada has the distinction of being one of only three countries in the OECD where second-generation immigrants scored higher in primary school than native-born children in math and reading tests.

It’s tempting to claim that New Canadians are struggling to integrate mainstream society on the basis of a few highly publicized anecdotes and polls that claim to measure the national pride level of immigrants. The fact that second-generation immigrants are doing so well at school, coupled with the low crime rate of visible minorities and comfortable standard of living in most immigrant communities shows that, actually, Canada isn’t having serious difficulty with integration. Is this thanks to multiculturalism or despite it? Who knows and, frankly, who cares? Whatever we’re doing is working, and as common wisdom would suggest ‘if it ain’t broke don’t fix it’.

Many people argue that Canada isn’t nearly as multicultural as it claims. And certainly the policy of multiculturalism often seems to correspond more to rhetoric than to actual practice. Sixty-nine percent of Canadian say that immigrants should “integrate and become part of the Canadian culture,” rather than “maintain their [own] identity.” Equally significantly, our governments also spend far more money and energy on the protection of Francophone and First-Nations communities than on the preservation of immigrant cultures. The province of Quebec rejects multiculturalism in favour of an approach that gives primacy to French. The federal government allows it to virtually run its immigration policy, with the result that 60% of immigrants who settle in Quebec are now francophone.

A 1994 study by University of Toronto sociologists Jeffrey Reitz and Raymond Breton found that language retention of third-generation immigrants was less than 1 per cent both in multicultural Canada and in the melting-pot United States. This is as good an indication as any that it doesn’t really matter what integration policy government chooses to follow, because this doesn’t seem to influence the 99% assimilation rate. The only thing we should acknowledge about assimilation in Canada is that it seems to run more smoothly than in most other western countries. Most European countries also have reasonably powerful far-right parties that are openly racist and committed to the expulsion of immigrants. In Canada, there is no far-right. Australia, the U.K., France, Belgium and the United States have all had serious riots in the past 20 years involving thousands of people, all caused by poor relations between the immigrant community and the rest of society. And although there was a riot in North Montreal on the night of August 10, 2008 involving a few hundred people that was viewed as a reaction to suspected racial profiling by the Montreal police force, this is small potatoes in comparison to the civil unrest that has been experienced in most other western countries.

So maybe multiculturalism is a good thing after all. Or maybe welcoming immigrants successfully is simply part of who we are.

Angliciser Montréal

Le conseiller municipal montréalais Nicolas Montmorency vient de lancer une campagne pour rebaptiser la rue Amherst. La rue tient son nom du Baron Jeffrey Amherst, commandant-en-chef des armées britanniques qui est connu, entre autres choses, pour avoir tenté d'exterminer des populations autochtones en distribuant des couvertures infectées par la variole.

Nicolas Montmorency soutient qu'il est «tout à fait inacceptable qu'un homme ayant tenu des propos soutenant l'extermination des Amérindiens soit honoré». Peut-être a-t-il raison, mais si on devait apppliquer ce même principe à toutes les rues du Québec, il y en aurait des centaines à rebabtiser. Tous les villages ont bien leur avenue Frontenac (et il y existe aussi un certain château) malgré le fait que Louis de Buade, Comte de Frontenac ait mené une guerre sans merci aux Iroquois.

Evidemment, Montmorency ne veut pas repabtiser la rue Amherst à cause des propos que le général Amherst a tenu au sujet des autochtones au 18ème siècle. Il veut repabtiser la rue parce que Amherst est un nom anglophone. Il a d'ailleurs fondé un groupe Facebook qu'il a nommé 'Francisation des rues de Montréal / Rue Amherst'.

Dire qu'au 21ème, il y a encore des élus qui perdent leur temps à franciser des rues dans des quartiers anglophones (la rue Amherst est dans Ville-Marie). Le moment est venu pour M. Montmorency et ses copains de passer au prochain sujet.

Cash for Clunkers

After less than a week, the U.S. government's new Cash for Clunkers programme has already met its targets.

The Cash for Clunkers programmes offers car owners $3,500 or $4,500 to purchase new, more fuel-efficient vehicles in the exchange for scrapping their old car. The programme is designed to stimulate the auto industry and reduce the U.S. carbon footprint.

Cash for Clunkers is expensive. It has already eaten one billion dollars of public funds, and the House of Representatives has had to approve two billion more. But is it that effective?

It's estimated that every billion dollars spent on this programme will bring 250 thousand fuel-efficient car purchases. Some of these cars would be purchased anyway, but the unprecedented spike in sales indicates that, at the very least, some people are buying earlier than expected.

If the House spends 4 billion dollars on the programme, which seems to be the amount agreed on, this will replace 1 million old, inefficient vehicles with new, fuel-efficient ones.

1 million cars may sound like a lot, but its actually very little. Approximately 10 million vehicles are sold in the United States every year. The benefit to the auto industry of this programme will therefore be limited. The modest overall gain in fuel efficiency that will reduce the American carbon footprint will also be vastly offset by the millions of new cars hitting the road every year in China, India and other developing countries, most of which are inefficient.

Increasing car efficiency might makes economic sense, but it won't stop global warming. The only way to stop global warming is to find radical new technology, like hydrogen fuel cells, for instance, to bring car emissions down to zero. Improving mileage and reducing emissions by a few percent is great in principle, but it's simply not enough.

Fun fact

Here are some facts:

All members of Barack Obama’s cabinet have earned university degrees and 21 out of 23 hold postgraduate degrees.

15 of the 38 ministers that Stephen Harper named after winning the 2008 election do not hold a university degree.

Just Joking

Many people were pleased when former Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf was replaced by Asif Ali Zardari, the widower of Benazir Bhutto. Musharraf was almost a dictator and exerted complete control over the press. He sometimes took television broadcasters off air when he was facing political opposition.

It seems that Asif Ali Zardari isn't much better. He has just made it a criminal offense to make fun of him. Pakistanis who send jokes by email, text message or blog ridiculing him risk arrest and a 14 year prison sentence.

Since I'm not Pakistani, I don't risk anything, so I'd like to post on this blog some Zardari jokes listed in the Daily Telegraph.

Zardari jokes:

* "Terrorists have kidnapped our beloved Zardari and are demanding $5,000,000 or they will burn him with petrol. Please donate what you can. I have donated five litres."

* To commemorate the ascension to the Presidency, Pakistan Post has officially launched a new stamp. But the people of Pakistan are confused which side on the stamp to spit on.

* Robber: "Give me all your money!"

Zardari: "Don't you know who I am? I am Asif Ali Zardari."

Robber: "OK. Give me all my money"

Gouverneur général

Michaëlle Jean termine la quatrième année de son mandat de Gouverneur général. Son travail au Canada et à l’étranger est presque unanimement salué par les observateurs. Elle à réussi un exploit que beaucoup de gens croyaient impossible : succéder dans l’honneur à Adrienne Clarkson, qui était reconnue à la fin de son mandat comme le Gouverneur général le plus influent depuis George Vanier.

Chacune à leur façon, Michaëlle Jean et Adrienne Clarkson ont su réinventer la fonction de Gouverneur général. A l’origine, le Gouverneur général était un personnage politique relativement important chargé de représenter la Couronne britannique au Canada. Au fil du vingtième siècle, le Canada s’est autonomisé, le Gouverneur général à perdu le peu d’influence qu’il avait et il a fallu redéfinir son rôle.

Le nouveau gouverneur général, tel qu’imaginé par Clarkson et Jean, est citoyen modèle, rassembleur qui représente le pays à l’étranger et assume des fonctions cérémoniales comme tout chef d’état. C’est un personnage respecté, dépourvu de tout bagage politique, qui possède une aura comparable à celle du premier ministre.
Le gouverneur général, c’est en quelque sorte un deuxième premier ministre. Il distribue des honneurs militaires, accueille les dignitaires étrangers à l’aéroport et se rend sur les lieux de catastrophes naturelles pour réconforter les victimes. Il joue le rôle d’un chef d’état, mais sans être un politicien.
Ce système permet au Premier-ministre de faire le travail pour lequel il a été élu. Le Premier-ministre est censé diriger le gouvernement et implanter son programme électoral. Il n’est pas censé distribuer des sacs de riz dans des villages inondés ou se faire prendre en photo dans un uniforme de pompier pendant un feu de forêt. Il est préférable aussi qu’il ne soit pas obligé de faire le tour de toutes les communautés du pays chaque année.

Le gouverneur général ne sert pas seulement à libérer du temps pour le premier ministre. C’est aussi un individu qui peut s’acquitter de ses fonctions beaucoup mieux que le premier ministre.

On sait tous que les gens les plus admirables ne sont pas nécessairement ceux qui sont élus. Pour être premier ministre, il est bien plus important d’avoir l’instinct politique que d’être un citoyen modèle avec un parcours distingué. Or puisque le Gouverneur général est nommé plutôt qu’élu, il est possible de choisir des individus vraiment exceptionnels qui ne réussiraient pas nécessairement dans l’arène politique. Comme nous avons pu le constater dans les 20 dernières années, les premiers ministres, ne sont pas nécessairement des individus exceptionnels. Adrienne Clarkson et Michaëlle Jean, elles, le sont.

Le Canada a donc la chance d’envoyer Adrienne Clarkson comme représentant à l’étranger plutôt que Jean Chrétien ou Paul Martin, et Michaëlle Jean au lieu de Stephen Harper. Quand on pense qu’un pays comme l’Italie est encore représenté par Silvio Berlusconi, s’il avait un Gouverneur général, peut-être que se serait Umberto Eco qui viendrait en visite officielle.

Visas

I'm away in New Zealand and I don't have access to a computer. This accounts for the diminishing frequency of posts.

I want to say a few words about the new visa restriction that the Canadian government is imposing on Mexico and the Czech Republic. The government claims that the number of refugee claimants from those countries has increased to the point where a visa restriction is necessary.

I don't know about the situation in Mexico, but the idea of imposing visa requirements on the Czech republic makes absolutely no sense to me.

The Czech Republic is a democratic, relatively wealthy state that is part of the Schengen Agreement. Anyone residing in the Czech Republic can travel all through Europe to wealthy countries that include France, Germany, the Netherlands and many others. I understand that there are refugee claimants from the Czech Republic, but if wealthy European countries with a similar standard of living as Canada's let Czech citizens travel without any ID, I just can't see why on earth they should need a visa to come to Canada.